Writing
Mine! Mine! Picking the Mind of a Geologist
Luckily I had a geologist up my sleeve when creating the story of a dragon snoozing in a copper mine. A friend of mine with a degree in geology had worked in a geology-based field. I plied her with coffee and wheedled her secrets from her!
The technology in this story correlates to roughly what existed in the 11th to 13th century. A portion of the tale occurs in a volcano turned mountain containing natural copper veins.
Q: Could the mountain have a forest on it?
If yes, what is the minimum span that would need to occur for conditions to have a dense forest at least at the base of the mountain?
A: Yes – Depends on the rest of the composition of the mountain. Standard mountains where copper exists requires hundreds to thousands of years for a luscious forest to form.
The trees would be mostly coniferous trees; Douglas firs, hemlocks, cedars, and pines.
Q: Could there still be warmth, even slight warmth in the mountain.
If so, how far down?
A: Yes – at least 9km miles down (the crust is 10km thick at the ocean) if the cavern is at sea level.
Q: Could natural copper exist in this mountain?
If not, is there a metal that could?
A: Yes, it can. Copper can form in volcanic mountains depending on how the mountain is created. If the mountain is like the volcanoes on the west coast – intrusive (inside) magma deposits – you can find copper and other minerals) in vein deposits. The veins form when the rocks in the middle of the mountains break because of various pressures (happens naturally) and those cracks and spaces fill with the deposits of your choice (depends on the chemistry of the lava). This kind of extraction requires a mine like you are talking about to be created to go into the mountain and receive it. They did this a long time ago, so your timeline works as well. I would recommend you use this type of “rock building.”
https://www.911metallurgist.com/blog/vein-mineral-deposits
Another way copper deposits can form is through basaltic lava flows – extrusive (outside of the volcano). This volcano would be similar to the Hawaii Island volcanoes. The lava is rich in all sorts of minerals, but they are TINY. In the cooling process, similar mineral structures grow around each other but in smaller deposits. The way to gather these deposits is through open pit mining and then melt them down to extract all of the minerals separately (this is based on my VERY limited knowledge of mining PS).
Q: What gem could exist here too?
A: With the intrusive way of mining – yes. You can get gold, iron, silver, and lots of gems (emeralds [mineral name: Beryl], rubies and sapphires, but not diamonds though – those are a special kind of gem).
Q: I picked obsidian because it looked like it could work, but I’m happy with any gem.
A: Obsidian requires extrusive volcanoes as it’s volcanic glass that cools rapidly. Obsidian deposits form in the layers of basaltic flows over hundreds of thousands of years that volcanoes erupt. Its harder to get other types of mineral deposits with extrusive deposits.
Iron is VERY commonly found with copper and gold if you are going for accuracy
Copper prefers to bond with itself and other minerals.
Q: Could the metal and gem both be found in the same large cavern?
A: Yes because the chemical makeup of the magma is ever changing as is slowly cools.
One additional note was that the metals would be on the surface of the cavern, but the gems would be inside the walls.
Q: Were wooden beams used to reinforce mine shafts during the period where my story takes place?
A: I’m not sure – I want to say yes as it was how the Egyptians kept their small spaces open while they were building tombs and that was a LONG time before the time frame of your story.
Q: Would it be possible for the dragon to cause a cave-in of the tunnel he used to get into the large cavern to make it so people wouldn’t easily find him?
A: Yes, it just depends on how broken up the rock is structurally.
Q: How would he cause the cave-in?
A: He’s clumsy and disturbs the precariously positioned rocks that have already been broken up over the natural pressures. It’s known as “rotten” mountains.
Q: How would he undo it when he wanted to leave?
A: Good question – usually you can’t. I would recommend having two release tubes/venting shafts. One the dragon can destroy and the secondary being a “secret” one that people don’t know exists.
Q: Is there a more straightforward way to ensure his privacy while he hibernates that hasn’t occurred to me?
A: Secret secondary vent shaft thing that the humans never found.
Additional Information
- The presence of water is necessary for all of this to happen.
- At some point up the side of the mountain, the vegetation will cease to grow making a sharp demarcation line.
- Three different ways to form mountains
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- Intrusive made by lava flows – big crystal structures, granite, explosive eruptions
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- Extrusive are lava flows on lava flows – Hawaiian islands there are rocks – won’t have crystals
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- Rocks smashed together – Himalayas pressurized metamorphosed granite, not mined; except for countertops.
One of the things she geeked out about was the how copper changes to glossy, bubbly shapes called popcorn when heated and cooled in its veins. I told her about basic dragon first aid and its heating element.
Thank you Julie for taking the time to explain rocks to me.
Minneapolis Speculative Fiction for Your Auditory Consumption
If you suffer from an insatiable desire to consume tales of fantasy, science fiction, and horror, Minneapolis boasts multiple recurring speculative fiction reading events showcasing talented authors. Their stories transport listeners to other worlds, worlds with humor, terror, or frighteningly realistic corollaries to today.
The monthly Speculations Reading Series at DreamHaven Books selects a book a month nestling the audience among tempting shelves full of stories. Authors read from the book, and are available for signings of the books. In January, the series switches up the format with a round robin reading open to speculative fiction authors in attendance.
The Not-So-Silent Planet: A Speculative Fiction Open-Mic invites speculative fiction authors to read from their works in an open mic format, and sprinkles two or three special guests readings into each event. The monthly events occur October through March in Kieran’s Irish Pub.
WordBrew curates a dozen local authors annually to read a few minutes of their works to a live audience. After the readings, they hang out, to connect with new fans, and the authors to sell and sign books.
Other annual sources of access to these authors are local conventions; CONvergence, Minicon, and Diversicon.
The Not-So-Silent Planet and Wordbrew represent excellent opportunities for fans to experience a variety of authors and genres all in one event. The Speculation Reading Series offers extended time with an individual book. Find your next favorite author at one of these events.
Welcome
Welcome to the untidy corner where I toss my random thoughts and crib sheets.
The barebone notes I capture from MinnSpec workshops target attendees of the workshops for use as a memory aid. If based out of the Twin City area, consider attending the workshop events to obtain more detailed information. MinnSpec hosts two workshops a month, one in Minneapolis, and one in East Saint Paul. Sorry that ESP stands for East Saint Paul and not extrasensory powers.
The remaining posts contain random musings unrelated to writing.
More Smashing!
I left the 4th Street Fantasy panel In Consideration of Smashing Things, and What Follows ruminating over a couple of topics that felt incomplete. Listening to the remaining panels and speaking with other members provided me with insight about the writing of violence, training, and agency.
One of the questions asked was how to relay people’s thoughts and feelings in the moment of violence of the type they trained for repeatedly. My response to the question from the Smashing Things panel is that you can’t. You can’t afford to be in your head at that moment. The reason you train repetitively is so that you have muscle memory and don’t think.
In software design, people often approach with a problem and an idea of how to solve it. Phrasing the question as “How do you relay what the character is feeling in the moment of violence?” is a leading question that provides the solution. However, knowing what the character is feeling isn’t the underlying problem. The desire is a symptom of knowing something is missing from the story. The reader wants a rich, layered experience.
Max Gladstone answered how to provide the experience in the Rebuilding the Mystery: Rejecting Rules for Magic panel. One of his examples dealt with the impact of being truly named. He set up the knowledge of naming beforehand so that when the naming happened, the reader understood the weight. Explaining the dangers prior to an event gives the reader better understanding of the experience when the dangers do occur.
After setting up the violence, and enacting it, characters react to it. The immediate response should be small and not debilitate the character enough to survive the situation (as long as the goal is for them to survive the situation). I have an inbuilt delay for strong emotions. Other veterans I speak to report this as well. One to two days later, the weight of situations can hit us. If possible, we will go to a private place and break down. Seeking solitude comes from being shamed about crying or taunted to cry.
During a discussion on basic training, I boldly asserted I hadn’t read a civilian yet who adequately captured the spirit of basic training. My stated purpose of basic training was to strip soldiers down physically and mentally to rebuild them as people capable of doing their job while others are trying to kill them. I questioned the value of having the basic training sequences. Fully capturing the extent of the transformation with words could be difficult.
After the panel, I prodded people for their opinions of the value of the training sequence and received the following reasons; to set up a future danger, to show competence, character development, and to show esprit de corps.
One misconception about basic training is that it is the only training a soldier receives. There are four types of training; basic training, occupational training, on the job training after arriving at a duty station, and continual training to maintain deployment readiness.
Experiences at a duty station are the most likely place where the real understanding of the dangers will occur. There soldiers learn the job they will do after deployment. Compare what people learn in school versus what they learn after getting their first job. Even in the same force, and the same job title, different people use different weapons, vehicles, and techniques. Consider John Appel who was on the panel with me. We were both Army, but as a scout his job had him advancing. My job required me to defend a position. The variety of vehicles used by people with my former job varied from none to trucks to planes to ships. The shorter duration of those incidents or training sessions also reduces the risk of generating infodumps.
Writing training isn’t necessary to demonstrate competence. The initial assault executed in Starship Troopers displays the characters’ capability to perform military actions.
Character development could occur at any of the levels of training. Think about what specific development your character needs to determine where it happens.
The sense of being part of a team begins in basic. However, shared experiences after arriving at a duty station or being deployed cement the bonding. Except for one other soldier, I never saw or heard from anyone in basic training again. Approximately 10% of my language training class joined me at the same duty station. Infantry units exist that train together for basic and vocational training and end up at the same base. A couple of scenarios could make a similar model difficult for other unit types; units with varied jobs, and units with specialized skills. In most cases, team bonding takes place at a duty station or while deployed.
The discussed goals for training scenes can all take place at duty stations. Basic training sequences still contain the potential for fulfillment of those goals. However, depictions of basic training carry a high risk of being disbelieved by readers with a military background. Decide who your audience is and the work you want a given scene to do.
Having only an hour for panels causes some topics to remain undiscussed. Authors often give soldiers incorrect agency or they introduce a theme I call, “Praise the Private!”
In books, soldiers disobey orders with no impact. Generally, soldiers do not have the agency to willfully disobey lawful orders. Soldiers receive punishment for disobeying lawful orders. They know the risk before choosing to disobey. Books often gloss over this when the soldier did something for the benefit of everyone, and it worked out. Even if a soldier did something necessary, that soldier should still receive some level of punishment. Soldiers who disobey orders understand the cost beforehand, decide to do it anyway, and then pay the price. The Black Company by Glen Cook contains an excellent example of this kind of agency. Croaker knows he is disobeying orders, he disobeys anyway, and Cook shows Croaker receiving the punishment.
So how is it that soldiers perform illegal acts or disobey orders without consequence? These acts are possible given environmental factors; ability to act in secret, being buddies with the figure in charge, or a figure in charge that doesn’t care. Listing all of the possibilities isn’t practical. When writing a character that disobeys orders without consequence, describe the environment that facilitates this result beforehand.
Another trope from books happens when a lower level enlisted (often a private) figures out something that no one else could have possibly figured out and saves the day. The overall commanding officers (often colonel or above) visit the private at his unit and shower him with praise and a significant reward. I used the pronoun he because thus far all books I’ve read employed this trope exclusively with men main characters. A commanding officer visiting a private at the private’s unit is to praise him personally is extremely unlikely. The private is more likely to get kudos from his team, and maybe a medal.
The small nature and intimacy of 4th Street Fantasy facilitates conversation and thought. Listening to panels and having discussions with other members clarified elusive thoughts. I look forward to learning more from the discussion next year.
Thank you everyone who put the con together and everyone who let me eavesdrop and absorb.
Related: Traits of (Wo)men Soldiers, Writing Military with Women
4th Street Fantasy 2018 Book List
4th Street Fantasy panels provide a list books pertinent to the discussion.
All the Things We Do That Aren’t Smashing Things
Mary Robinette Kowal, Patrick Nielsen Hayden, Chelsea Polk, Abra Staffin Wiebe, John Wiswell (M)
- Witchmark by C. L. Polk
- China Mountain Zhang by Maureen F. McHugh
- The Man Who Bridged the Mist by Kij Johnson
- Middlemarch by George Eliot
- Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen
- The Calculating Stars by Mary Robinette Kowal
- Homer
- Orbital Resonance by John Barnes
- Lifelode by Jo Walton
- Lies of Locke Lamora by Scott Lynch
- Shades of Milk and Honey by Mary Robinette Kowal
- A Paradise Built in Hell by Rebecca Solnit
- Walkaway by Cory Doctorow
- Sector General (series) by James White
- Dick Francis
- The Martian by Andy Weir
- The Traitor Baru Cormorant by Seth Dickinson
- Terry Pratchett
- Pacific edge by Kim Stanley Robinson
- The Maxx (comic book series) by Sam Kieth
- Mad Max: Fury Road
In Consideration of Smashing Things, and What Follows
John Appel, Tim Boerger (M), Aimee Kuzenski, Sloane Talest, Blair Woodall
- Schlock Mercenary (web comic) by Howard Tayler
- Born to the Blade (series) by Marie Brennan, Cassandra Khaw, Malka Older, and Michael R. Underwood
- Swordspoint by Ellen Kushner
- Tremontaine by Ellen Kushner
- Zeroboxer by Fonda Lee
- The Chronicles of Thomas Covenant (series) by Stephen R. Donaldson
- On Killing by Dave Grossman
- A Song of Ice and Fire (series) by George R. R. Martin
- The Black Company by Glen Cook
- A Small Colonial War by Robert Frezza
- The Forever War by Joe Haldeman
- Robert A. Heinlein
- Marko Kloos
- The Armored Saint by Myke Cole
- Children of Blood and Bone by Tomi Adeyemi
- Stranger by Rachel Brown and Sherwood Smith
- Cold Iron by Stina Leich
- Ash : A Secret History by Mary Gentle
- Metropolitan by Walter Jon Williams
- City on Fire by Walter Jon Williams
- The Divine Cities (trilogy) by Robert Jackson Bennett
- Emberverse (series) by S. M. Stirling
- The Healer’s War by Elizabeth Ann Scarborough
- A Civil Campaign by Lois McMaster Bujold
- Borderline by Mishell Baker
- Behind the Throne by K. B. Wagers
- Monstrous Regiment by Terry Pratchett
- Jerry Pournelle
Rebuilding the Mystery: Rejecting Rules for Magic
Casey Blair (M), Max Gladstone, Chelsea Polk, Caroline Stevermer, Django Wexler
- The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien
- Mistborn (series) by Brandon Sanderson
- Hercules stories by various authors
- Superman (comic series) by various creators
- The Riddle-Master of Hed by Patricia A. McKillip
- The Forgotten Beasts of Eld by Patricia A. McKillip
- A Wizard of Earthsea by Ursula K. Le Guin
- The Wheel of Time (series) by Robert Jordan
- Leo Tolstoy
- The Brothers Karamazov by Fyodor Dostoevsky
- Fritz Leiber
- Madeleine L’Engle
- The Thin Man by Dashiell Hammett
- Thor myths by various authors
- Dragon Ball Z (anime) by Akira Toriyama
- Teller Speaks! about the neuroscience of magic
- Witchmark by C. L. Polk
- The Compleat Enchanter by Fletcher Pratt and L. Sprague de Camp
- Miscellaneous urban fantasy books
- Spider-man (comic series) by Marvel Comics
The Craft of Cutting Out: Using Reductive and Restrictive Tools
John Chu, Mary Robinette Kowal (M), Arkady Martine, Caroline Stevermer
- Clarkesworld Magazine
- The Man Who Bridged the Mist by Kij Johnson
- The Thief by Megan Whalen Turner
- “Uncleftish Beholding” by Poul Anderson
- Of Noble Family by Mary Robinette Kowal
- “Sometimes Writers Block is really Depression” by Mary Robinette Kowal
- Sorcery and Cecelia by Caroline Stevermer and Patricia Wrede
- The Last Hot Time by John M. Ford
You Don’t Own Me: Concepts of Freedom in the Work of John M. Ford
Pamela Dean, Marissa Lingen, Elise Matthesen (M), Teresa Nielsen Hayden
- Web of Angels
- The Last Hot Time
- Heat of Fusion and Other Stories
- How Much for Just the Planet?
- The Princes of the Air
- The Dragon Waiting
- Stories from the shared world of Liavek
- Growing Up Weightless
- The Final Reflection
- The Scholars of Night
Complicity and Consequence in Interactive Narrative: Press ‘D’ to Feel Guilty!
Max Gladstone (M), Scott Lynch, Cat Manning, John Wiswell
- Where the Water Tastes Like Wine
- Dungeons & Dragons
- Monopoly
- Hotline Miami
- Wing Commander 3
- Only You Can Save Mankindby Terry Pratchett
- Serial Cleaner
- Tropico
- Shrouded Isle
- Prison Architect
- This War of Mine
- A Russian Valentine by empty fortress
- Life is Strange
- Dishonored: Death of the Outsider
- Batman by DC Comics
- Shadowrun: Dragonfall
- Bioshock
- Pathologic
- INSIDE
- Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2
- Mass Effect
- Knights of the Old Republic
- Fallout
- Save One More
- Papers Please
- Frostpunk
- Richard III by William Shakespeare
- Choice of the Deathless
- Long Live the Queen
- “The House at the End of the Lane is Dreaming” by A. Merc Rustad
- Harmonia by Liza Daly
- Will Not Let Me Go
- Sword Art Online
- Tyranny
- Subnautica
Talking Across Ten Thousand Years
John Appel, Elizabeth Bear, Casey Blair, Marissa Lingen (M), Patrick Nielsen Hayden
-and-
Who Put This $#@!! Balrog Lair in the Middle of a Sewer Line? (Alternate Title: Life in the Temporary Topmost Layer)
Elizabeth Bear, Ben Kinney, Arkady Martine(M), Teresa Nielsen Hayden, Vivian Shaw
- Elizabeth Bear
- Stone Mad
- Ancestral Night
- The Red-Stained Wings
- Skies of Wonder, Skies of Danger (anthology) by John Appel and more
- Tea Princess Chronicles by Casey Blair
- The Only Harmless Great Thing by Brooke Bolander
- Mr. Burns, a Post-Electric Play by Anne Washburn
- Pern books by Anne McCaffery
- The Fifth Season by N. K. Jemisin
- Darmok : Star Trek: The Next Generation episode
- Harlan Jay Ellison
- A Fire Upon the Deep by Vernor Vinge
- Lockstep by Karl Schroeder
- Pushing Ice by Alastair Reynolds
- Against a Dark Background by Iain Banks
- Gateway novels by Frederik Pohl
- “History Lesson” by Arthur C. Clarke
- Dune by Frank Herbert
- The Cloud Roads by Martha Wells
- The Snow Queen by Joan D. Vinge
- Icehenge by Kim Stanley Robinson
- 40,000 in Gehenna by C. J. Cherryh
- Cyteen by C. J. Cherryh
- Heechee Rendezvous by Frederik Pohl
The second panel potentially started here.
- The Name of the Wind by Patrick Rothfuss
- Thud! by Terry Pratchett
- The Book of the New Sun by Gene Wolfe
- A Deepness in the Sky by Vernor Vinge
- The Doctrine of Labyrinths (series) by Sarah Monette
- Hellblazer (comic series) by Vertigo Comics
- Forerunner by Andre Norton
- Gentleman Bastard (series) by Scott Lynch
- Ink and Steel by Elizabeth Bear
- The Cosmic Computer by H. Beam Piper
- Sarum by Edward Rutherfurd
- Hild by Nicola Griffith
- Dragonsbane by Barbara Hambly
- Tithe by Holly Black
- Zero History by William Gibson
Literally Killing Figurative Characters
Stella Evans, Scott Lynch (M), Ginger Weil, Vivian Shaw
- The Wheel of Time (series) by Robert Jordan
- Transformers (movie)
- The Tripods Trilogy by John Christopher
- The White Mountains
- The City of Gold and Lead
- The Pool of Fire
- Bridge to Terabithia by Katherine Paterson
- Black Beauty by Anna Sewell
- Where the Red Fern Grows by Wilson Rawls
- Old Yeller by Fred Gipson
- The Red Pony by John Steinbeck
- Lies of Locke Lamora by Scott Lynch
- Strange Practice by Vivian Shaw
- Misery by Stephen King
- Rocket Man (TV series)
- Dreadful Company by Vivian Shaw
- James Bond (series) by Ian Fleming
- The Empire Strikes Back
- For Better or For Worse (comic strip) by Lynn Johnston
- 87th Precinct (series) by Ed McBain
- Bitter End by Rex Stout
- The Woman Who Rides Like a Man by Tamora Pierce
- Madeleine L’Engle
- Horatio Hornblower (series) by C. S. Forester
- Lord Peter Wimsey (series) by Dorothy L. Sayers
- Jenny Casey (series) by Elizabeth Bear
- Hammered
- Scardown
- Worldwired
- Sherlock Holmes (series) by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle
- Teen Wolf (TV Series)
- Poirot (series) by Agatha Christie
- Ariadne Oliver (character)
- Spenser (series) by Robert B. Parker
- The Fantasy Writer’s Assistant by Jeffrey Ford
- Joe Abercrombie
- “Umney’s Last Case” by Stephen King
- The Shepherd’s Crown by Terry Pratchett
- DC Comics
- Marvel Comics
- Pegasus by Robin McKinley
- Melanie Rawn
- The Architect of Sleep by Steve Boyett
- The Final Unfinished Voyage of Jack Aubrey by Patrick O’Brian
- The Black Cauldron by Lloyd Alexander (book vs movie)
- Ink Exchange by Melissa Marr
- FixitFic http://lousysharkbutt.tumblr.com/
Grim Times, Bright Tidings
John Chu, Alex Haist (M), Jennifer Mace, Reuben Poling, Paul Weimer
- Be the Serpent (podcast)
- Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk
- Iron Council by China Miéville
- William Shakespeare
- King Lear
- Much Ado About Nothing
- The Lord of the Rings by J. R. R. Tolkien
- “The Ones Who Walk Away from Omelas” by Ursula K. Le Guin
- Urinetown (musical) by Greg Kotis
- Hadestown (album) by Anaïs Mitchell
- Fallout: Equestria by Kkat
- Steven Universe (animated series) by Cartoon Network
- The Green Dark Sea ?
- The Fifth Season by N. K. Jemisin
- Joe Abercrombie
- Star Trek
- “The Cold Equations” by Tom Godwin
- 42nd Street
- The Book of the Unnamed Midwife by Meg Elison
- Parable of the Sower by Octavia E. Butler
- The Girl with All the Gifts by Mike Carey
- The Steel Seraglio Paperback by Mike Carey, Linda Carey, and Louise Carey
- A Song of Ice and Fire (series) by George R. R. Martin
- The Long Goodbye by Raymond Chandler
- A Paradise Built in Hell by Rebecca Solnit
- The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl by Marvel Comics
- Mike Birbiglia (comedian)
But That’s a Different Panel: Something Lives Beyond the Last Page
- Becky Chambers
- The Long Way to a Small, Angry Planet
- A Closed and Common Orbit
- Ninefox Gambit by Yoon Ha Lee
- Middlemarch by George Eliot
- Thomas Love Peacock
- The Prince by Niccolò Machiavelli
- The Dagger and the Coin (series) by Daniel Abraham
- The Pillars of the Earth by Ken Follett
- The Fountains of Paradise by Arthur C. Clarke
- Bone Universe (series) by Fran Wilde
- Red Mars by Kim Stanley Robinson
- The Goblin Emperor by Katherine Addison
- The Laundry Files (series) by Charles Stross
- A Study in Honor by Claire O’Dell
- X-Files (TV series)
Sloane Talest 